A name in Romanian consists of a given name (prenume) and a surname (nume or nume de familie). In official documents, surnames usually appear before given names.
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Given names
Romanians have one, two or more given names, e.g. Ana Cristina Maria (three given names), all being chosen by the child's parents. One of them, usually the first, is used in daily life while the others are solely for official documents, such as birth, death and marriage certificates.
Traditionally, most people were given names from the Romanian Orthodox calendar of saints. Common names of this type are Ion or Andrei for males and Maria or Elena for females. Given names with a Christian lineage have an identifiable English equivalent: Andrei (Andrew), Constantin (Constantine), Cristian (Christian), Daniel/Dan (Daniel/Dan), Gheorghe/George (George), Grigore (Gregory), Ilie (Elijah), Ion/Ioan (John), Iacob (Jacob/James), Lauren?iu (Lawrence), Luca (Luke), Marcu (Mark), Matei (Matthew), Mihail/Mihai (Michael), Nicolae/Niculaie (Nicholas), Pavel/Paul (Paul), Petru/Petre (Peter), ?tefan (Stephen), Vasile (Basil). The most common name, Maria is the equivalent of Mary. Maria has led to many closely related names such as Mariana, Marioara, Maricica, Maricela, M?riuca, Mara, Marina, Marilena, Marieta, Marinela, Marisa, Mari?a, Marusia, Mia, Mioara.
Roman heritage is reflected in Romance given names such as Traian (Trajan), Titus, Marius, Octavian, Ovidiu (Ovid), Aurel (Aurelius), Cornel (Cornelius) etc. Such names are common especially in Transylvania.
Some names are inspired from nature, such as Sorin/Sorina (soare, "sun"), Codru?/Codru?a or Codrin/Codrina (codru, "woods"), or flowers: Crin/Crina, Narcis/Narcisa, Viorel/Viorica, Anemona, Brându?a, Camelia, Iolanda, L?cr?mioara etc. The word floare ("flower") has led to several names such as Florin/Forina, Florentin/Florentina, Florian/Floriana, Florica, Floarea, .
Traditional Romanian names which come from Romanian words include Doina which means "doina", a traditional Romanian musical tune style.
Slavic influence on Romanian is present at all linguistic levels, including names. These include names containing the Slavic root -mir. Examples of Slavic names in Romanian include Bogdan, Drago?, Mircea, Radu, Tihomir, Vlad, Vladislav, Vladimir, Miroslav, Casimir, Anastasia, Irina, Milena, Olga, Raisa.
Alexandru/Alexandra are very common names. They also include the variants of Alex, Alexia, Alexandrina, or the 'foreign' variants of Alessia, Alessandra, Alexa (see below).
In the 1990s, as telenovelas started to be broadcast in Romania, Spanish/Latin American names have become popular; and the trend of giving children such names has been reinforced by the migration or travel of parents to Spain or Italy. As such, names like Mario, Antonio, Alberto, Esmeralda, Gianni, Giovanni, Alessia etc. are relatively common. Indeed, Mario, Antonio and Alessia were in the top 50 as baby names in 2009.
The prevalence of given names follows trends, with some names being popular in some years, and some considered definitely out-of-fashion. As an example, few children born since 1980 would bear the names of Gheorghe, Vasile, or Ilie, which are generally associated with the idea of an elderly man (while the name of Gheorghe is rare among the younger generation, the variant George is more common). However, such "old-fashioned" names are sometimes used as middle names. By contrast, some names are associated with the younger generations: for example the feminine name Andreea become popular from the 1970s onwards, being one of the most common given names in the younger generations, ranking third in popularity among feminine names given to children born in 1989, second in 2009, and fourth in 2014.
Compound given names are uncommon, with only one notable exception, i.e. Ana-Maria (sometimes spelled Anamaria). In that case this is not considered to be two separate given names.
Romanian male given names end in a consonant (Adrian, Ion, Paul, ?tefan, Victor) or in any vowel other than -a (Alexandru, Andrei, Mihai), with some exceptions (Mircea, Mihnea),while almost all female names end in -a (Ana, Elena, Ioana, Maria), with only very few exceptions such as Carmen. This is most easily seen in the male-female name pairs: Gabriel-Gabriela, Ioan-Ioana, George-Georgiana, Mihai-Mihaela, Nicolae-Nicoleta, etc.
The most common Romanian name is Maria, with approximately 1.38 million females having it as one of their given names. Also, almost 1.37 million Romanians have Ion, Ioan and Ioana as one of their given names. The most common names are:
- For males: Gheorghe, Ioan, Vasile, Constantin, Ion, Alexandru, Nicolae, Mihai, Dumitru, Andrei for all males. For boys born in 2014 they are: Andrei, David, Alexandru, Gabriel, Mihai, Cristian, ?tefan, Luca, Ionu?, Darius.
- For females: Maria, Elena, Ana, Ioana, Mihaela, Andreea, Cristina, Mariana, Alexandra, Daniela for all females. For girls born in 2014, they are: Maria, Elena, Ioana, Andreea, Sofia, Alexandra, Antonia, Daria, Ana, Gabriela.
The given name can be changed on request, but it is necessary to prove a legitimate interest for the change (usually that the current name is a cause of mockery etc.).
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Surnames
Like in most of Europe, in Romania it is customary for a child to take its father's surname, and a wife her husband's surname. In cases where paternity is not established, the child takes the mother's surname. The law however is flexible, allowing for the couple to choose their family name, and thus the surname they would use for all their children. Typically it is the father's surname (in keeping with the tradition), but parents may also opt to use the mother's surname; or for both of the spouses to have both surnames; or for one spouse to use a double-barrelled name. Romanian law does not require any of the spouses to change their surname, but in practice in most families both spouses will have the husband's original surname. If parents have different surnames, a child will have either the surname of one of them, or both surnames. Romanian surnames remain the same regardless of the sex of the person. After a divorce, the spouse who changed the surname (usually the wife) will generally revert to the original surname. However, the married surname can be retained, either with the consent of both spouses, or by court order. If the other spouse does not consent to the retaining of the surname, the spouse who wants to retain it can petition the court and ask it for permission. The relevant laws are Art. 282, Art. 383 Art. 449 Art. 450. of the Civil Code of Romania.
Until the 19th century, the names were primarily of the form "[given name] [father's name] [grandfather's name]". The few exceptions are usually famous people or the nobility (boyars). The name reform introduced around 1850 had the names changed to a western style consisting of a given name followed by a family name (surname). As such, the name is called prenume, while the family name is called nume or, when otherwise ambiguous, nume de familie ("family name"). Middle names (second given names) are also fairly common.
Many Romanian names are derivative forms obtained by the addition of some traditional Romanian suffixes, such as -escu, -?scu, -eanu, -anu, -an, -aru, -atu, or -oiu. These uniquely Romanian suffixes strongly identify ancestral nationality.
Historically, when the family name reform was introduced in the mid-19th century, the default was to use a patronym, or a matronym when the father was dead or unknown. A typical derivation was to append the suffix -escu to the father's name, e.g. Ionescu ("Ion's child") and Petrescu ("Petre's child"). The -escu is derived from Latin -iscum, and cognate with Italian -esco and French -esque, but its pervasiveness in Romanian may have come from Slavic influence, by way of Old Slavonic -?sk? (which is in fact cognate to Latin -iscum via Proto-Indo-European).
Another common derivation was to append the suffix -eanu or the simpler forms -anu and -an to the name of a place, river, village, or region, e.g. Ardeleanu (from Ardeal), Moldoveanu (from Moldova), Mure?anu (from Mure?), Sadoveanu etc. (cognate to Italian -(i)ano). They may indicate a country or ethnic origin (e.g. Grecu - from Greece, Ungureanu - from Hungary, Rusu - from Russia).
The suffix -cea (as in Mihalcea, Grigorcea, Neculcea, Oncea, etc.) is Slavic.
There are also descriptive family names derived from occupations or nicknames, e.g. Ciobanu/P?curaru ("shepherd"/"pitch-maker/pitch-vendor"), Croitoru ("tailor"), Fieraru ("smith"), Moraru ("miller"), B?lan ("blond"), ??ranu ("villager") etc. Also some Romanian surnames come from various animals and plants, most probably being former nicknames, with or without the addition of various suffixes, e.g. Bourean(u) ("ox"), C?preanu ("goat"), Jderoiu ("marten"), Lupu ("wolf"), Ursu ("bear"), Zimbrean ("bison"), Vidraru ("otter"). Some surnames come from colors: e.g. Ro?u (Red), Negru (Black), Albu (White).
The most common Romanians surnames in 2007 were Popa (191,938 people), meaning priest and Popescu (147,784 people), meaning priest's son/daughter.
See also
- Surnames by country § Romania
- List of most common surnames in Europe § Romania
References
Sources
- Bogdan Petrice?c? Hasde? (1898). Etymologicum magnum Romaniæ. Stab. grafic Socec & Teclu.
- Oliviu Felecan (15 March 2012). Name and Naming: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 407-. ISBN 978-1-4438-3807-8.
External links
- Why is Escu the most frequent family name in Romania.
Source of article : Wikipedia
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