The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and masturbation

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On many occasions spanning over a century leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have explicitly taught that members should not masturbate as part of obedience to the code of conduct regulating sexual expression by Mormon people known as the law of chastity. The LDS Church places great emphasis on the law of chastity. Commitment to live the law of chastity is required for baptism, and adherence is required to receive a temple recommend, and is part of the temple endowment ceremony covenants members promise by oath to keep. While serving as church president, Spencer Kimball taught that the law of chastity includes "masturbation ... and every hidden and secret sin and all unholy and impure thoughts and practices." Before serving full-time missions members are required to abandon the practice as it is believed to be a gateway sin that dulls sensitivity to the guidance of the Holy Ghost. The first recorded public mention of masturbation by a general church leader to a broad audience was in 1952 by apostle J. Reuben Clark, and recent notable mentions include ones in 2013 and 2016.

In their seminal overview on the topic Mark Mallan and Vern Bullough describe Mormon community attitudes and teachings on masturbation as having gone through four major stages while various official church publications and new opinions of leaders have emerged throughout the church's history:

1. Silence, from 1830 to the first public statements
2. Secular Conformity, characterized by following popular medical opinion ranging from viewing masturbation as unhealthy to harmless
3. Counterrevolution, opposing modern medical views and scientific data
4. Emerging Reform, indicated by Mormon literature suggesting that masturbation may be normal and not immoral

Though rhetoric has softened and become less direct, and the majority of Mormons' views are at odds with those of top church leaders, the prohibition on masturbation remains in place, though enforcement and opinions of local leadership and members vary. During regular worthiness interviews, members--including teenagers, are required to confess of any sexual sins like masturbation in order to be deemed worthy, and are sometimes asked specifically about their masturbation habits.

Video The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and masturbation

Timeline of teachings and events

Below is a timeline of events, publications, and speeches on the topic of masturbation in the LDS community.

1800s

• 1871 - First Presidency member Daniel Wells told a group of Church leaders that many of their young men had a masturbation habit (called "self-abuse", "self-pollution", and "onanism") that was a great sin and would prevent marriage and lead to insanity and an early death.
• 1883 - The First Presidency and Apostles spoke at length with stake presidents about the "self-pollution of both sexes" in the first Mormon reference to female masturbation.

Early 1900s

• 1902 - In response to reports of many students at church schools masturbating, church president George Smith stated that masturbation was a "damnable and pernicious practice" and that all top leaders should be strongly against it. He stated that stake leaders should instruct and warn the members about it.
• 1920s and 1930s - During this time top leaders made lessons that warned parents against causing emotional distress in adolescents by overreacting to their children's masturbatory behaviors and referred them to secular books which taught that sexual interests in children and adolescents should be guided and directed and not inhibited.

1950s

• 1952 - Apostle J. Reuben Clark stated that those who teach that "self-pollution" (a now obsolete euphemism for masturbation) is non-sinful are as bad as "the teachers who prostitute the sex urge".
• 1953 - Alarmed by the results found in the Kinsey reports Brigham Young University president Ernest Wilkinson appointed two faculty committees to tackle the "masturbation problem" on the church school's campus.
• 1954 - Kimball published a booklet for youth titled "Be Ye Clean" in which he stated that masturbation and a preoccupation about sex in one's thoughts was a reprehensible sin.
• 1958 - Apostle Bruce McConkie spoke strongly against masturbation in his Mormon Doctrine saying it was "condemned by divine edict" and among the "chief means" the devil uses "leading souls to hell". He also stated when psychiatrists tell their patients experiencing a serious "guilt complex" from masturbation that it is "not an evil" this keeps the patient from complying with the law of chastity and becoming clean, which would lead to "mental and spiritual peace" that helps one cope with or resolve mental disorders.

1960s

• 1964 - In an address at BYU to instructors of religion Kimball refuted the statements of physicians and others to young Mormon men that masturbation was normal, natural, or necessary.
• 1965 - Apostle Spencer Kimball gave a BYU address in which he called masturbation a "common indescretion"
• 1966 - Apostle Delbert Stapley told BYU students to avoid "perversions" like masturbation. He further stated that before receiving temple endowments or serving an LDS mission that this "weakness" and "habit" should be abandoned.
• 1967 - Apostle Kimball gave an April general conference address in which he compared sexual sins like masturbation to the leaves and twigs of a spiritually parasitic mistletoe plant that grows with every indiscretion.
• 1967 - A proposed update to the BYU Honor Code banning "masturbation" was removed in committee.
• 1968 - Popular Mormon author and later mission president Lindsay Curtis coauthored a book published by the church's Deseret Book which called masturbation an indication of emotional immaturity and an unhealthy coping mechanism which can cause psychological damage. The book further stated that it stems from loneliness, low self-esteem, and poor self-control, and that the habit can be broken by fasting, prayer, and staying busy.
• 1969 - Apostle Kimball wrote several paragraphs on masturbation in the Miracle of Forgiveness, stating that ancient and modern prophets "condemn masturbation" and that it shows "slavery to the flesh".

1970s

• 1970 - In a missionary guide a section was included called "Steps to Overcome Masturbation" written by apostle Mark Petersen. The guide, reprinted in a 1973 church packet, recommended exercise, keeping a Book of Mormon held in hand at night, limiting time in the bathroom, and praying for help to stop masturbating.
• 1972 - The Relief Society Courses of Study book stated that, "As boys and girls reach physical maturity, curiosity in one's body may result in self-stimulation (masturbation)."
• 1974 - The Relief Society Courses of Study book update contained an example conversation between mother and child where the child asks, "What's wrong with playing with my body? The other kids says it's okay." The mother responds, "Your body is sacred and you know more about your eternal potential than the other kids. Many so-called experts say that masturbation is all right, but it is not. The Lord expects us to use self-control."
• 1975 - In the April general conference meeting for men church seventy Vaughn Featherstone stated that the "urge" to masturbate "does not have to be satisfied" and that we should not "have a problem with masturbation".

• 1976 - One of the lengthiest public discussions of masturbation by an apostle was Boyd Packer's October general conference address "To Young Men Only" in which he uses a "little factory" euphemism to discuss male reproductive organs and warns young men not to tamper with the factory lest it speed up and become a guilt- and depression-inducing habit that is not easy to resist. He gave vigorous exercise as a method to help control thoughts and break the habit of masturbation since it is a "transgression" that is "not pleasing to the Lord". The talk was printed as a pamphlet and widely distributed by the church from 1980 to 2016.
• 1976 - BYU sociology professor Wilford Smith published his study of thousands of students spanning 1950 to 1972. He found that 64% of active Mormon females and 57% of active Mormon males did not believe that masturbation was immoral. Additionally, 78% of church-going Mormon men and 27% of active Mormon women reported having masturbated, with 50% of Mormon males and 11% of active Mormon females reporting recent masturbation.

1980s

• 1980 - Church president Spencer Kimball gave an address calling masturbation a "reprehensible sin."

• 1981 - A manual for bishops on attempting to "cure" homosexual members was released. It listed masturbation as a cause of homosexuality and contained steps on how to help members stop masturbating. These included asking them when, where, and how often they masturbate, and having them break off friendships with other people who also masturbate. Other ideas included reading church books, praying, fasting, serving others, regular accountability with the bishop, developing healthy coping mechanisms for stress and loneliness, and exercising. The manual received media attention in 2017.
• 1981 - Church leaders funded the writing of a book on sexuality and sent every bishop and stake president a copy. The book was written by Church Welfare Services director Victor L. Brown Junior and stated that habitual masturbation will cause social-emotional isolation and erotic obsession.
• 1983 - In October an LDS psychiatrist Cantril Nielsen paid a death malpractice settlement to Eugene Eliason for prescribing that his patient 16-year-old Kip Eliason abstain from masturbation as directed by his bishop. This allegedly contributed to the patient's shame-induced suicide on 2 March 1982 over his inability to stop masturbating as recorded in his journal.
• 1983 - Then president of the twelve Ezra Benson stated in the October general conference that priesthood holders are virtuous and don't masturbate.
• 1984 - The Ensign published an article referencing a 1965 research article which stated that, "such sexual activity as masturbation, homosexuality, exhibitionism, and voyeurism can be prompted and reinforced by pornography. A number of studies I have reviewed suggest that persistent deviant sexual fantasies frequently lead later to deviant behavior."
• 1985 - The church began providing a manual for parents to use in discussing sexuality with their children. The manual includes statements that "prophets have condemned [masturbation] as a sin" and "perversion of the body's passions" that causes one to "become carnal".
• 1985 - This edition of the Relief Society Courses of Study book stated that fathers should, "caution their young sons about how masturbation detracts from the spiritual growth," and that parents should teach their children that the Lord has clearly told us to refrain from masturbation.
• 1985 - The Ensign published an article stating that music producers have gradually added more sexual perversions to their music including, "homosexuality, transvestism, sodomy, masturbation, sadomasochism, rape, prostitution, venereal disease, child abuse, and incest."
• 1986 - Church seventy Theodore Burton stated in an address to the BYU student body that pornography leads to masturbation and is an evil that takes a considerable amount of time to repent of.
• 1986 - Members were told that a virtuous priesthood holder does not practice "self-abuse" (i.e. masturbation) or any other sexual perversion by church president Ezra Benson in the October general conference.
• 1987 - Church seventy Theodore Burton stated in a BYU-wide address that marriage infidelity can often start with "personal indulgences based on selfishness" such as viewing pornography which, "leads to self-abuse, homosexuality, fornication, adultery, child and spouse abuse, incest, rape, and cruelty."
• 1988 - In the church guide "Handbook for Families" BYU professor Lynn Scoresby advised parents to "Teach that self-abuse will result in loss of self-esteem and feelings of self-doubt" in reference to masturbation.

1990s

• 1990 - Vaughn Featherstone told LDS church therapists that masturbation was "serious" and against church standards and that it would cause the Holy Ghost to withdraw from someone. He further stated that as a mission president almost 80% of his missionaries did not masturbate for the 1.5 to 2 years they were under his direction.

• 1990 - An edition of the church's youth guidelines pamphlet was released stating that the "Lord specifically forbids ... masturbation". It also stated that violating this moral law would cause guilt, sin, heartache and withhold blessing of peace, comfort, and happiness from the Holy Ghost.
• 1992 - In a guide for bishops the Church called masturbation a deviant behavior linked to homosexuality, and stated that it makes it more difficult to cease same-sex sexual behavior. It characterized regular masturbation as an addiction that was difficult to quit.
• 1994 - A book previously sold by the Church's Deseret Book written by a professor at BYU stated that allowing any degree of sexual arousal in oneself prior to marriage was a moral sin.
• 1994 - An Ensign article stated that parents should teach their children about correct moral choices and standards taught by the First Presidency like that the Lord specifically forbids masturbation.
• 1995 - Another study on the masturbation habits of LDS individuals was released in which 43% of the 103 active, married, church-attending LDS women interviewed reported current masturbation.
• 1997 - In the church-published Family Home Evening Resource Book fathers were instructed to caution their male children against self-stimulation, and that the 1976 pamphlet "To Young Men Only" could help.

2000s

• 2000 - In it's Sunday lesson manual for young and adult men, the LDS Church published that the Law of Chastity forbids "improper uses of the divine power of procreation," and that, "Among the other ways man misuses this sacred power are fornication (including living together without marriage), homosexuality, abortion, and masturbation."
• 2000 - Popular LDS writer, bishop, and BYU professor Brad Wilcox released a book "Growing Up: Gospel Answers about Maturation and Sex" sold by the church's book company in which he stated that masturbation causes serious emotional and spiritual consequences.
• 2000 - An Ensign article re-emphasized the teachings of the 1990 "For the Strength of Youth" pamphlet which states that the Lord specifically forbids masturbation.
• 2001 - A new edition of the "For the Strength of Youth" pamphlet was released alluding to masturbation with statements forbidding anything that "arouses" any sexual feelings or emotions in one's "own body".
• 2003 - The apostle Packer again addressed masturbation while discussing sexual mores stating, "there are cravings and temptations, and there can be habitual self-stimulation, and a lot of things that are just unworthy."
• 2004 - LDS Family Services releases "A Practitioner's Guide: Addiction to Masturbation and Pornography" on how LDS therapists can help clients stop masturbating.

2010s

• 2010 - The Church Handbook for leaders states that the three bishopric members should ensure that members from ages 12 to 17 are interviewed twice a year during which they are to discuss the "importance of obeying the commandments, particularly ... refraining from any kind of sexual activity, and refraining from viewing, reading, or listening to pornographic material." Additionally, leaders are told to "ensures that the discussion does not encourage curiosity or experimentation." It also states that disciplinary council should not be called for members "who are struggling with pornography or self-abuse."
• 2011 - An update to the For the Strength of Youth pamphlet contained the same wording against masturbation from the 2001 edition.
• 2011 - In the Ensign an LDS neurosurgeon is quoted saying viewing pornography and "the accompanying act of self-stimulation may not seem horribly bad at first," but that, "you may not believe you are addicted until it is too late."
• 2013 - Seventy Tad Callister stated in a 2013 speech at BYU-I that God condemns self-abuse which he clarifies stating, "Self-abuse is the act of stimulating the procreative power of one's own body." The speech was reprinted in the March 2014 Ensign.
• 2015 - The Church published two anonymous accounts related to masturbation in March. One was by a married woman navigating what she termed her husband's addiction to pornography and masturbation and the relapses he had. The other was of a man who stated that he became addicted to masturbation at the age of 12, and as a married man became paralyzed from the neck down and was still addicted so he sought the help of the LDS Addiction Recovery Program and states that he has been sober for one year.
• 2016 - In a recent BYU campus-wide address on suppressing and changing sexually impure thoughts, BYU administrator Jeffery Bunker quoted Benson stating that virtuous priesthood holders do not practice "self-abuse" (i.e. masturbation).
• 2017 - The LDS Church website published an anonymous account of a woman's experience with what she describes as an addiction to masturbation and pornography that began as a girl and continued as a problem as a married woman. The account includes her repentance consultations with a bishop and LDS counselor and describes a later relapse and involvement with the LDS Addiction Recovery Program.
• 2017 - The Ensign published an article in which an LDS Family Services employee stated that survivors of sexual abuse may, "become promiscuous to seek nurturing through sexual activity (including pornography and self-stimulation)."
• 2017 - LDS Living, a magazine published by the church's Deseret Book publishing, features an article stating, "Although the term 'masturbation' hasn't formally been used in a general conference talk since the 1970s, there are current Church publications that clearly teach that masturbation isn't necessary and is even considered sinful," and that it "can lead to loneliness and isolation." It also states that masturbation is "highly addictive" and leads to selfishly focus on one's own pleasure and comfort.
• 2017 - At a Sunstone presentation one married LDS man stated that after his Bishop recommended he attend LDS Addiction Recovery Services in order to stop his occasional masturbation he became hopeless as the program wasn't helping and decided he needed to castrate himself in order to end all sexual feelings and alleviate his guilt, though, lack of money for a trip to a foreign doctor prevented his plans until he changed his mind.
• 2017 - In an Ensign article BYU professor Mark Butler taught that adolescents can use masturbation to replace or mask distressing emotions, and that this risks psychological dependency on the behavior to manage life stresses.
• 2017 - A former bishop gathered thousands of petition signatures and protested at temple square over the church's practice of bishops asking sexual questions about topics such as masturbation to minors during interviews behind closed doors. He gathered personal accounts from thousands of current and former church members who said the youth interviews caused them distress, and some were driven to consider or even attempt suicide because of the shame they felt as a result of probing questions about masturbation, pornography or sexual activity.
• 2017 - A church spokesperson released a statement on bishop's interviews in response to the petition which says, that bishops are "counseled to not be unnecessarily probing or invasive in their questions."
• 2018 - The BBC stated in an article that in the Mormon Church "pornography and masturbation are banned," and quoted two Mormons who said they were taught masturbation was "satanic" and "just below murder."
• 2018 - A first-hand account of an experience with masturbation interviews growing up in the Mormon Church was published by KUTV. In it Kip described his experience as a 13-year-old of confessing masturbation to his bishop. His bishop then had him confess to his father and then mother. Much later, a different bishop gave him the paper "Steps In Overcoming Masturbation" attributed to the LDS apostle Mark Petersen which recommended aversive techniques such as imagining bathing in and eating worms while masturbating in order to stop. Kip stated that all of this made him feel he was disgusting and awful for masturbating and he reported feeling depression and self-loathing.

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References

Source of article : Wikipedia